机械谈话:舒适
人体有其自身的加热,通风和空调装置。表皮,或皮肤,是它的控制系统。水,在人体内是大量存在,是储存热量或拒绝它的自然手段。记得在高中理科班?谁记得多少百分比的身体是水?是不是有些高得离谱的百分比是多少?当我们听到老师告诉我们,我们全部采用一种无意识的心理请注意,只是不能的。然而,当人体需要温暖时,皮肤毛孔的特写或收缩,因此身体保持水分并保持温暖。当被冷却的身体需要,毛孔打开,让水份汗液的形式排出。由于汗液蒸发,热量从体内取出,我们感到凉爽。 Evaporation requires one of two elements: either the surrounding air must be dry (we call it low humidity) or it must be moving. If either exists, evaporation can occur. In the old days, all cooling was by ventilation and it occurred by means of evaporation. That’s why a convertible in the heat of summer can still be comfortable, even though the temperature is 95 degrees. We do not feel hot because, at 75 miles per hour, there are plenty of breezes to cause the evaporation we need to feel cool... unless, of course, we are parked on the expressway during rush hour.
让事情变得更复杂的是,记住这首歌,“嘿,98.6,你又回来了,真好。”“嗯,98.6是正常人体的温度。对吧?___错了吗?这是全国正常人体的平均温度。我的正常体温是96.4。你的可能是98。9,甚至100。今天的护士认为体温在96-100之间都是正常的。
我妻子说她能测出1度的温差。到了冬天,67岁的她觉得很舒服,但如果我为了自己的舒适和节能而把恒温器调低到65岁,她会问我最后一次听到炉子开着的声音是什么时候。如果人体可以有一个正常的温度从96-100,那么你可以设计完美HVAC将体温保持在正常的98.6华氏度。但同一空间内的其他行星可能太热或太冷,温度最高可达2.6度。
另一个问题是,我们的HVAC系统的响应时间。有内置在我们的控制系统的滞后时间。它可以从5至10分钟的任何地方长,或者它可以以度来定义(3至5度,让一步)。没有商用系统可在设定点保持在钱的温度权。甚至没有直接数字控制系统可以做到这一点。多年前,当我工作了克拉克,特里布尔,哈里斯,李,我曾与一个工程师谁告诉我一个贝尔克百货公司工作他做到了。贝尔克的是梅西的南方版本。该建筑落成及入伙。在开幕当天,大家很高兴与工作。然而,被占领后不久,部分员工开始抱怨在空间的温度。 My friend sent the contractor back in to verify that the system was balanced. He discovered that it was all out of whack, so he re-balanced the system at his expense. Furthermore, he installed locking covers over the thermostats to prevent tampering. He left and all were happy. Soon, the same complaints started again, and the contractor was called for service again. He checked and found the system out of balance again. It seems that in the morning, when the ladies would start their shift, they would be chilly so they would adjust the thermostat on the pole nearest them upward. In an adjacent department would be a man who was warm so he turned the thermostat down. It didn’t take long to throw the system out. This time the contractor re-balanced the system, but relocated the real thermostats to the ceiling, about 20 feet in the air. He installed dummy thermostats on EVERY pole in the space. And that ended the complaints. Everyone would adjust their thermostats and swear that the temperature improved immediately.
让我们谈谈学校的舒适。我们如何在学校各种类型的空间中获得舒适感?首先,什么是舒适?舒适有时被定义为身体与周围环境处于平衡状态。既不太热也不太冷。刚刚好。告诉你吧,just right是由温度和湿度两部分组成的。在我们的暖通空调业务中,我们总是在这两个元素上浪费时间。简单地说,我们将室内温度降低到低于室外温度,并去除空气中的湿气,让居住者在夏天有一种舒适的感觉。在冬季,我们将室内温度提高到高于室外温度,给人以舒适的感觉。
OK,这是最基本的概念。现在,进入现实。
在现实中,有超过400个变量,进入HVAC系统的任何空间的设计。之类的东西方向的房间的面;多少玻璃上外壁;是否将玻璃着色,反射型,热窗格,或1/4英寸厚;什么玻璃的辐射率;有多少人会占用的空间;什么他们的活动水平是;哪些污染物存在需要进行稀释或除名;什么是需要通风的外部空气的百分比;多少钱是可用于系统; where the systems can be located; what finishes will be in a space; whether the finishes should be included in the calculations or ignored; what insulation is in the walls, ceiling, and roof; what kind of walls the space has; what kind of system should be used; what the area of the walls and windows are; whether or not we have a plenum return or all the walls go to the deck; how many coffee pots will be in the space; how many computers will be in the space; what other pieces of equipment which give off either heat or moisture will be in the space; how much space is available between the ceiling and the roof or underside of the next floor; and on... and on.... and on.
如果人们因为任何原因离开一个地方,他们会离开多久(以剧院或小学的休息时间为例)?在体育场馆内,设施会否用作体育赛事以外的用途?实际上,在设计一个舒适的空间系统时,最重要的元素是玻璃。玻璃面朝哪个方向;玻璃的面积是多少;它朝哪个方向;它的发射率、颜色、空间和反射率是什么?玻璃的两个最重要的元素是它面对的方向和它的面积。
在现实中,设计一个让每个人都感到舒适的空间是不可能的。在舒适方面必须做出哪些选择?通常,在一组办公室中,我们根据假定的空间重要性来选择系统控制的位置。督学在他的办公室里控制着恒温器。所以,他是舒适的,但如果他是在一个充满女人的办公室,他们可能不是。因为他是负责人,你们建筑师给了他一个角落的办公室,每个角落都有两张脸和一扇窗户!更糟糕的是,窗户朝南,朝西。我曾经工作过的一家公司的机械部门主管办公室就是一个很好的例子。他有朝南和朝西的玻璃。一年到头,他都用一个便携式风扇来维持他的空间。 Some architect gave this building an abundance of glass. Do we have the pleasure of looking outside through the abundance of glass? Nope, it’s too hot, so we keep the blinds closed all the time on sunny days when you would enjoy looking out or getting natural light. The other factor for us is glare on the computer screens. Again, less glass would be better. In the case of the superintendent, we oversize the air conditioning to meet his need and it is too large for the rest of the space, so it overcools the women in the other offices with just south glass or no glass at all. In addition, his office is under a sloping roof, so we can’t locate the unit serving his space close to his office, and everyone knows the space closest to the unit gets satisfied first, the one furthest away last, and so on and so forth. He cranks the system up so that he, the furthest office from the equipment, is comfortable, and the other offices again freeze. Oh, you say, just give everyone their own unit and then they can have whatever they want. Unfortunately, no client wants room air conditioners hanging out of every window, and neither do you architects, but that would be what it would take to do what you ask. What we do is make a series of compromises for the best overall system, knowing full well that you cannot please all of the people all of the time.
有了这一切在心中,我们与你做建筑师跟上,并为您的客户提供一个舒适的空间的一个不错的工作,但这里有几件事情你要记住,你正在铺设了拟议的空间你客户端。
1.最小化的南部和西部面临的玻璃。
2.尽量减少朝南和朝西的玻璃。
3.减少南部和西部面临的玻璃。
4.尽量减少朝南和朝西的玻璃。
5.尽量减少南部和西部面临的玻璃。
如果你一定要有充足的玻璃,让它在首选的北方方向。试着把大卡胡纳的办公室设在北面,或者有足够的屋檐遮蔽他的窗户。如果这仍然是不可能的,那么无论你做什么,你的建筑都会浪费能源,不会获得LEED认证,而且会非常不舒服。
加热问题类似;如果你在外墙上使用大面积的玻璃,那么除了常规的供暖系统外,我们必须有足够的空间和资金来提供外围供暖系统。在这里,我们想要最小化朝北的玻璃,因为在冬季,建筑北侧没有从太阳获得热量。
最后,让我们来谈谈在新的学校每所学校的员工希望从一个角度HVAC点。这是因为不可控的,过时的蒸汽加热系统太热之前的房间可能是太冷,因为现在太多的玻璃在北城墙和没有周边供热系统。将其通过一个室内空调器之前被冷却的房间,这是太嘈杂和不均匀分布的舒适的温度,可再次通过在西壁太多玻璃受到不利影响。员工希望所有他们对老同学的抱怨得到纠正,因为这是一个新的建筑,他们已经花了很多钱。我们知道这是不可能解决所有的抱怨。我们将给予他们最好的舒适系统,就必须花费的钱。我们将尽我们最大的努力看到它,我们给他们最好的成分,最好的设计,最好的建筑,最好的我们的控制之内的一切。我们将努力给他们一个设计,分别满足他们的需求。但是,如果我们无法应对新的空间的舒适性,无论我们多么努力,已经把和无论多么兴高采烈我们在工作时终于熄灭,我们就失败了。我们必须努力,以满足所有客户的需求。 This means not only providing a space which is aesthetically pleasing, but functional, LEED certified, economical, and comfortable as well.
所以,在最后,尽量减少玻璃尽可能或机械系统的建设和运营成本提供额外的美元。
罗伯特KLAR
1972年,罗伯特从辛辛那提大学毕业,获得了城市选项的机械工程学士学位。他还完成了贝尔和戈塞特的小红校舍培训课程,以及特灵和开利的暖通设计课程。他从事工程设计工作超过35年,从事设施能源分析、水质研究、空气质量分析和性能研究。此外,他判断故障原因的直觉能力也被多次证明。他是一项大规模研究的项目经理,研究了俄亥俄州的26个后备军事基地,以确定每一个瞬间的交叉连接,并建议进行补救。他的设计包括暖通空调、管道、灌溉、喷泉设计和消防,他的经验包括商业、教育、政府、卫生保健和工业设施。