机械讲座:舒适
人体有自己的制热、通风和空调设备。表皮或皮肤是它的控制系统。水在人体内大量存在,是一种自然的蓄热或排热的方式。还记得高中的科学课吗?谁还记得身体里有多少是水?这不是一个荒谬的高百分比吗?当我们听到老师告诉我们的时候,我们都下意识地意识到那是不可能的。然而,当人体需要温暖时,皮肤上的毛孔就会收缩或收缩,从而保持体内的水分和温暖。当身体需要降温时,毛孔就会张开,让水分以汗水的形式流失。当汗液蒸发时,热量从体内排出,我们感到更凉爽。 Evaporation requires one of two elements: either the surrounding air must be dry (we call it low humidity) or it must be moving. If either exists, evaporation can occur. In the old days, all cooling was by ventilation and it occurred by means of evaporation. That’s why a convertible in the heat of summer can still be comfortable, even though the temperature is 95 degrees. We do not feel hot because, at 75 miles per hour, there are plenty of breezes to cause the evaporation we need to feel cool... unless, of course, we are parked on the expressway during rush hour.
让事情变得更复杂的是,记住这首歌,“嘿,98.6,你又回来了,真好。”“嗯,98.6是正常人体的温度。对吧?___错了吗?这是全国正常人体的平均温度。我的正常体温是96.4。你的可能是98。9,甚至100。今天的护士认为体温在96-100之间都是正常的。
我的妻子说,她可以检测出1度的温差。在冬季,在67,她是舒服,但如果我尝试英寸恒温至65安慰我,并节约能源,她问的时候最后一次是,我听到炉运行。如果人体可以从96-100有一个正常的温度,那么你就可以设计出完美的暖通空调将体温保持在正常的98.6华氏度。但同一空间内的其他行星可能太热或太冷,温度最高可达2.6度。
另一个问题是我们的HVAC系统的响应时间。我们的控制系统有一个时滞。它的长度可以是5到10分钟,也可以是3到5度。没有一种商业上可用的系统可以在设定的温度点上保持货币的正确温度。即使是直接数字控制系统也不能做到这一点。几年前,当我为克拉克、特里布尔、哈里斯和李工作时,一位工程师告诉我他在贝尔克百货公司做过一份工作。Belk 's是南方版的梅西百货。这座建筑完工并被使用。开业那天,每个人都对工作很满意。然而,在它被占用后不久,一些员工就开始抱怨空间的温度。 My friend sent the contractor back in to verify that the system was balanced. He discovered that it was all out of whack, so he re-balanced the system at his expense. Furthermore, he installed locking covers over the thermostats to prevent tampering. He left and all were happy. Soon, the same complaints started again, and the contractor was called for service again. He checked and found the system out of balance again. It seems that in the morning, when the ladies would start their shift, they would be chilly so they would adjust the thermostat on the pole nearest them upward. In an adjacent department would be a man who was warm so he turned the thermostat down. It didn’t take long to throw the system out. This time the contractor re-balanced the system, but relocated the real thermostats to the ceiling, about 20 feet in the air. He installed dummy thermostats on EVERY pole in the space. And that ended the complaints. Everyone would adjust their thermostats and swear that the temperature improved immediately.
让我们来谈谈在学校的舒适度。我们如何在我们的各种类型的学校空间达到舒适?首先,什么是舒适?舒适有时被定义为身体处于与周围环境平衡。它不是太热,它不太冷。这是恰到好处。为了您的信息,正好是由两个部分组成,温度和湿度。在我们的HVAC业务,我们总是打打闹闹与这两个元素。在过于简单来说,我们降低室内温度比从空气中室外温度和湿度删除更低给予空间的居住者在夏季的舒适感。我们提高室内温度比室外温度高给予的舒适感在冬季。
好的,这就是基本概念。现在,进入现实。
实际上,在任何空间的暖通空调系统设计中都有400多个变量。比如房间的朝向;外墙上有多少玻璃;玻璃是否着色,反光,热玻璃,或1/4英寸厚;玻璃的发射率是多少;多少人会占据空间;他们的活动水平;有哪些污染物需要稀释或排出;需要多少百分比的外部空气进行通风;有多少钱可以用于这些系统; where the systems can be located; what finishes will be in a space; whether the finishes should be included in the calculations or ignored; what insulation is in the walls, ceiling, and roof; what kind of walls the space has; what kind of system should be used; what the area of the walls and windows are; whether or not we have a plenum return or all the walls go to the deck; how many coffee pots will be in the space; how many computers will be in the space; what other pieces of equipment which give off either heat or moisture will be in the space; how much space is available between the ceiling and the roof or underside of the next floor; and on... and on.... and on.
如果人离开因任何原因空间,多久他们将消失(举个例子剧院或小学凹槽)?在复杂的运动,将在工厂被用于除体育赛事的其他目的?在现实中,一个空间的舒适性设计系统的一个最重要的因素是玻璃。什么方向将玻璃面;什么是玻璃的面积;什么方向做它的脸;什么是它的发射率,颜色,空气空间和反思性?玻璃的两个最重要的元素是它面临的方向和它的面积。
在现实中,设计一个让每个人都感到舒适的空间是不可能的。在舒适方面必须做出哪些选择?通常,在一组办公室中,我们根据假定的空间重要性来选择系统控制的位置。督学在他的办公室里控制着恒温器。所以,他是舒适的,但如果他是在一个充满女人的办公室,他们可能不是。因为他是负责人,你们建筑师给了他一个角落的办公室,每个角落都有两张脸和一扇窗户!更糟糕的是,窗户朝南,朝西。我曾经工作过的一家公司的机械部门主管办公室就是一个很好的例子。他有朝南和朝西的玻璃。一年到头,他都用一个便携式风扇来维持他的空间。 Some architect gave this building an abundance of glass. Do we have the pleasure of looking outside through the abundance of glass? Nope, it’s too hot, so we keep the blinds closed all the time on sunny days when you would enjoy looking out or getting natural light. The other factor for us is glare on the computer screens. Again, less glass would be better. In the case of the superintendent, we oversize the air conditioning to meet his need and it is too large for the rest of the space, so it overcools the women in the other offices with just south glass or no glass at all. In addition, his office is under a sloping roof, so we can’t locate the unit serving his space close to his office, and everyone knows the space closest to the unit gets satisfied first, the one furthest away last, and so on and so forth. He cranks the system up so that he, the furthest office from the equipment, is comfortable, and the other offices again freeze. Oh, you say, just give everyone their own unit and then they can have whatever they want. Unfortunately, no client wants room air conditioners hanging out of every window, and neither do you architects, but that would be what it would take to do what you ask. What we do is make a series of compromises for the best overall system, knowing full well that you cannot please all of the people all of the time.
考虑到这一切,我们在保持与您的建筑师保持一致,并为您的客户提供一个舒适的空间方面做得很好,但是在您为客户规划建议的空间时,需要记住以下几点。
1.尽量减少朝南和朝西的玻璃。
2.尽量减少朝南和朝西的玻璃。
3.尽量减少朝南和朝西的玻璃。
4.尽量减少南部和西部面临的玻璃。
5.尽量减少朝南和朝西的玻璃。
如果你一定要有充足的玻璃,让它在首选的北方方向。试着把大卡胡纳的办公室设在北面,或者有足够的屋檐遮蔽他的窗户。如果这仍然是不可能的,那么无论你做什么,你的建筑都会浪费能源,不会获得LEED认证,而且会非常不舒服。
加热的问题是相似的;如果你使用的玻璃外墙上的大面积的,那么我们就必须有空间和资金,以在除了常规的系统提供了周边加热系统。在这里,我们要尽量减少北向的玻璃,因为没有来自于建筑物北侧冬天的太阳热量获得。
最后,让我们从暖通空调的角度来谈谈每个学校员工对新学校的期望。房间以前太热,因为无法控制,过时的蒸汽加热系统,现在可能太冷,因为太多的玻璃在北墙上,没有周边加热系统。之前使用过空调的房间,噪音太大,温度分布不均匀,可能会再次受到西墙玻璃过多的不利影响。雇员们希望他们对旧学校的所有不满都能得到纠正,因为这是一栋新建筑,他们为此花了很多钱。我们知道不可能解决所有的抱怨。我们将为他们提供最好的可用的舒适的系统,让他们花钱。我们将尽我们最大的努力,确保我们给他们最好的组件,最好的设计,最好的施工,最好的一切在我们的控制范围内。我们将努力为他们提供个性化的设计来满足他们的需求。但是,如果我们不能让他们在新环境中感到舒适,无论我们付出了多少努力,无论当工作最终结束时我们是多么的高兴,我们都失败了。我们必须努力满足客户的所有需求。 This means not only providing a space which is aesthetically pleasing, but functional, LEED certified, economical, and comfortable as well.
因此,在最后,尽可能减少玻璃或提供额外的美元用于机械系统建设和操作成本。
罗伯特眷顾
罗伯特于1972年毕业于辛辛那提大学,获机械工程在城市期权程度。他还完成了由贝尔和戈西特两者特灵公司和运营商的暖通空调设计课程小红校舍的培训课程。他一直积极努力为工程设计师超过35年,在执行节能设施的分析,水质研究,空气质量分析和性能研究研究。此外,他的直觉能力,以确定故障原因已经被反复证明。他是对的俄亥俄州储备军事基地26大规模研究项目经理,以确定交叉连接的每一个瞬间,并建议其采取补救措施。他的设计包括暖通,给排水,农田灌溉,喷泉设计,以及防火和他的经验涵盖了商业,教育,政府,医疗保健和工业设施。